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Nutrition

时间赛前的甜菜根汁:0.5 L 如何让 4 km 与 16.1 km 骑行时间缩短近 3%

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

引子:蔬菜带来的免费速度

大多数追求更快计时赛成绩的骑手会关注气动轮组、更紧凑的骑姿,或是数月系统的训练。2011 年《Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise》上 Lansley 等人做的这项研究提出了更直接的问题:在比赛前几小时喝一杯甜菜根汁,能否让骑手在真实赛段上更快?

对九名竞技男骑手的测试结果是肯定的。约 2.5 小时前饮用半升富含硝酸盐的甜菜根汁后,4 km 计时赛成绩提升了 2.8%,16.1 km 提升了 2.7%。骑手们在不增加氧气摄取的情况下产生了更大的功率。虽然提升幅度在绝对值上不大,但在以秒计胜负的赛事中已相当重要。

实验设计:硝酸盐丰富的汁液 vs 硝酸盐被剥夺的安慰剂

本研究采用随机交叉设计。经过熟悉期后,九名俱乐部级别的竞技男骑手在两种条件下完成试验。

  • 条件一:饮用 0.5 L、含约 6.2 mmol 硝酸盐的甜菜根汁;
  • 条件二:饮用 0.5 L、硝酸盐被剥夺的甜菜根汁(约 0.0047 mmol 硝酸盐)。

安慰剂的设计至关重要。因为安慰剂同样是甜菜根汁,外观和口感相似,只是把硝酸盐基本去掉,这样可以将硝酸盐的作用与甜菜根中其他成分以及可能产生的心理效应区分开来。

在两种条件下,饮品都在骑手完成 4 km 与 16.1 km 计时赛前约 2.5 小时服用。每位骑手兼任自己的对照,这大大降低了因个体体能差异带来的噪声,对小样本研究尤为重要。

数据:血浆亚硝酸盐、功率与时间

生化结果证实补剂在发挥作用。血浆亚硝酸盐(硝酸盐‑亚硝酸盐通路的标志)在甜菜根汁后从 241 ± 125 nM 翻倍至 575 ± 199 nM(P < 0.05)。亚硝酸盐是产生一氧化氮的前体,一氧化氮参与血流调节和线粒体效率。

  • 4 km 计时赛:平均功率从 279 ± 51 W 提升至 292 ± 44 W;完成时间从 6.45 ± 0.42 min 缩短至 6.27 ± 0.35 min,提升 2.8%(P < 0.05)。
  • 16.1 km 计时赛:平均功率从 233 ± 43 W 提升至 247 ± 44 W;完成时间从 27.7 ± 2.1 min 降至 26.9 ± 1.8 min,提升 2.7%(P < 0.01)。

关键的生理发现是,两种条件下的 VO₂ 在整个赛段均无显著差异。换句话说,骑手在相同的氧气摄入下输出了更大的功率。作者将其解释为骑行经济性的提升,即每瓦特所需的氧气消耗降低。

为什么重要:提升经济性,而非扩大引擎

早期研究已表明膳食硝酸盐可以降低亚最大强度运动的氧气成本,并提升高强度工作的耐受性。未解之谜是这些实验室效应是否能转化为模拟比赛中的实际表现。该研究通过自定配速的计时赛弥合了这一步,因为自定配速更贴近真实竞赛,而非单纯的固定强度至力竭测试。

VO₂ 保持不变而功率上升的现象提示硝酸盐并未提升有氧系统的上限,而是让能量利用更高效。对运动员而言,这种机制更具吸引力,因为它意味着在相同输出下的成本更低,而非单纯的“更用力”。

实际建议

在本研究的前提下,可以得出以下几点实用建议:

  • 时间安排:甜菜根汁在计时赛前约 2.5 小时饮用,这与血浆亚硝酸盐的峰值时机相吻合。想要复制该效果的骑手应提前规划,而非在起点前匆忙饮用。
  • 剂量:本研究使用的是 0.5 L、含约 6.2 mmol 硝酸盐的汁液。不同产品的硝酸盐含量差异大,标签或实验室检测数据比单纯的体积更重要。
  • 先行试验:由于研究包括了熟悉阶段,运动员也应在训练中先行测试该方案。赛前 2.5 小时摄入半升液体对大多数人来说是可行的,但个人胃肠耐受度不同,需要自行评估。
  • 合理预期:约 3% 的提升并非对每位骑手都有保证,数据中的标准差显示个体反应存在差异。

局限性

研究范围有限。仅有九名骑手参与,统计功效受限,结果未必能外推到更大人群。所有受试者都是俱乐部级别的竞技男骑手,不能直接套用到女性、职业精英或休闲骑手。其他研究提示,高水平运动员的响应可能不同,但这已超出本论文的讨论范围。

此外,实验采用的是急性单剂量方案——每次测试前只喝一次。它并未说明连续多日或长期摄入会产生何种效应。最后,测试距离仅为 4 km 与 16.1 km,结果不能直接推广到更长时间的赛事(如数小时的公路赛),需进一步研究验证。

结论

这项随机交叉试验显示,赛前约 2.5 小时饮用 0.5 L 富硝酸盐的甜菜根汁可使血浆亚硝酸盐翻倍,平均功率提升,并让竞争性男骑手的计时赛成绩提高约 2.7%‑2.8%,而 VO₂ 并未出现显著变化。它是一种成本低、操作简便的潜在增能手段,但目前仅基于小样本、单剂量设计,实际应用时需考虑个人差异与具体情境。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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