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Nutrition

碳酸氢钠胜过柠檬酸钠及其混合方案,提升17秒

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

碳酸氢钠胜过柠檬酸钠及其混合方案,提升17秒

摘要:人们普遍认为,叠加使用缓冲剂会比分别使用更有效。可是,在针对十名高水平女性 CrossFit 运动员的交叉试验中,结果并非如此。碳酸氢钠使 6 公里计时赛成绩比安慰剂快了 21.5 秒,而柠檬酸钠以及碳酸氢钠‑柠檬酸钠混合剂均未显著优于安慰剂。与柠檬酸钠相比,碳酸氢钠快了 11.6 秒;与两者的混合方案相比快了 17.2 秒。唯一的代价是摄入前出现了更明显的胃肠不适。下面我们一起回顾研究的关键发现、堆叠为何失效,以及如何安全地进行试验。


背景:为何会期待“堆叠”有效?

理论上,缓冲剂可以提升血液对运动产生的酸性负荷的承受能力,从而延缓肌肉疲劳。于是很多运动员会把几种被认为温和的缓冲剂混合使用,期待取长补短。但这项专门针对高水平女性 CrossFit 选手的新研究发现,事实并非如此:碳酸氢钠单独使用夺得第一,加入柠檬酸钠的组合反而落后。

该研究发表在《International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance》(2025)上,对三种缓冲策略与安慰剂进行比较,只有碳酸氢钠方案展示了明确的效益。

缓冲剂到底是干什么的?

在持续约 1‑10 分钟的高强度运动中,肌肉和血液会产生大量氢离子(H⁺),导致 pH 值下降、酸性增强。这是导致运动后期“燃烧感”以及腿部沉重、配速下降的主要原因。

碳酸氢钠(Sodium Bicarbonate)和 柠檬酸钠(Sodium Citrate)属于细胞外缓冲剂。它们能够提升血液中对酸的吸收能力,帮助肌肉把积累的氢离子排出细胞外。理论上,运动前血液中碳酸氢钠浓度越高,运动中抵御酸痛、保持配速的可能性就越大。

碳酸氢钠的研究最为丰富,但常伴随胃部不适;柠檬酸钠则被宣传为更温和的替代品。部分运动员会把两者混合使用,期待两全其美。该研究正是对这种思路进行直接检验。

研究设计:四种条件、十位运动员

来自 Edge Hill University 与北京体育大学的研究者招募了十名高水平女性 CrossFit 运动员。每位运动员在 随机、交叉、安慰剂对照 的设计下完成四次 6 公里自行车计时赛。每次测试前,她们服用以下经肠溶胶囊包装的补剂之一:

  • 碳酸氢钠(SB):0.3 g/kg 体重
  • 柠檬酸钠(SC):0.3 g/kg 体重
  • 两者混合(SBC):总剂量与前两者相同
  • 安慰剂(PLA)

运动员采用“峰值时间摄入”策略——不固定在同一时间服用,而是根据各自血液缓冲峰值的出现时间进行个性化安排。研究记录了摄入前、运动前以及运动后的血液酸碱平衡数据。

结果:碳酸氢钠明显胜出

  • 血液碳酸氢盐水平:赛前 SB 组比安慰剂提升约 6.5 mmol/L,亦显著高于 SC 组(+2.3 mmol/L)。
  • 计时赛成绩(相对于安慰剂):
    • 碳酸氢钠快 21.5 秒
    • 碳酸氢钠快 11.6 秒(相较于柠檬酸钠)
    • 碳酸氢钠快 17.2 秒(相较于混合方案)
  • 血乳酸:SB 组赛后血乳酸浓度比安慰剂高约 2.4 mmol/L。血乳酸升高并非坏事,往往意味着运动员能够承受更大的糖酵解负荷。

惊讶点:堆叠没有帮助

柠檬酸钠以及碳酸氢钠‑柠檬酸钠混合方案均未表现出显著优于安慰剂的效果。相对于安慰剂,SC 组和 SBC 组的成绩分别只快约 9.9 秒和 4.3 秒,且均未达到统计显著水平。

当总剂量保持不变时,混合方案实际上稀释了碳酸氢钠的剂量,而碳酸氢钠才是起主要作用的成分。柠檬酸钠并未能补足这一缺口。

研究并未直接解释混合方案表现不佳的机制,以下为可能的解释:

  1. 碳酸氢钠剂量不足:半剂量难以显著提升血液缓冲能力;
  2. 柠檬酸钠提升有限:单独使用时对血液 pH 的影响不够强。

结论是:更多种类的产品不等于更大的收益。

难点:胃肠不适

碳酸氢钠的常见副作用是胃肠刺激。实验中,SB 组的胃肠不适评分比安慰剂高约 2.4 分,比 SC 组高约 2.2 分,差异显著。即便使用肠溶胶囊并进行个性化时间安排,仍比其他方案更易引发不适。

是否值得为 6 公里节省约 20 秒,需要依据个人的肠胃耐受程度自行判断。

实用要点

项目 建议做法
剂量 0.3 g/kg 体重的碳酸氢钠。以 65 kg 为例约 19.5 g。
剂型 肠溶胶囊,能在小肠后段释放,减轻胃部刺激。
摄入时机 个性化安排,常见窗口为运动前 60‑180 分钟,以血液峰值为准。若条件允许,可在训练中测定个人峰值时间。
配合进食 建议与含碳水化合物的餐食一起服用,许多运动员发现能缓解胃肠不适。
适用项目 持续约 1‑10 分钟的高强度努力,如 CrossFit、划船、400‑1500 米跑等。
先行试验 切勿在正式比赛当天首次尝试。务必在训练中演练剂量、时机与餐食的组合,了解个人胃部反应。
放弃堆叠 本研究表明加入柠檬酸钠并未带来额外收益,反而增加复杂性。

局限性

  • 样本规模:仅十名女性,虽采用交叉设计提高统计效能,但外推至其他人群仍需谨慎。
  • 运动模式:测试使用 6 公里自行车计时赛,而非完整的 CrossFit 综合项目,因而在混合模式赛事中的适用性可能有限。
  • 勘误:论文后续发布了勘误声明,引用具体数值时请核对期刊最新版本。
  • 后续需求:更大规模、针对不同运动项目的研究将有助于进一步验证本结论。

结论

在这批受过高水平训练的女性 CrossFit 运动员中,摄入 0.3 g/kg、肠溶胶囊包装的碳酸氢钠能够提升血液缓冲能力,使 6 公里计时赛成绩比安慰剂快 21.5 秒。柠檬酸钠及其与碳酸氢钠的混合方案未显示出显著优势。唯一的代价是更明显的胃肠不适,因此在比赛中使用前务必在训练中充分试验,以确认个人的耐受性。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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