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菠菜来源的合成类固醇——46名男子10周实验后建议禁用

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

如果在谷歌上搜索 turkesterone,最常出现的往往是它的近亲——ecdysterone。

这是一种来源于植物的类固醇激素,常见于菠菜等食材。本研究团队在世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)资助下,进行了一项为期10周、以举重为主的实验,最终得出应将其列入禁用名单的结论。

这对于“一种天然补剂”而言,是相当罕见的官方背书。下面我们来看看这项研究到底发现了什么、没有发现什么,以及对普通健身爱好者意味着什么。

研究设计

论文题为 Ecdysteroids as non‑conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans,作者包括 Isenmann E 等,发表于 Archives of Toxicology 2019 年(93(7):1807‑1816),可在 PubMed 检索。

研究方案相当直接:

  • 46 名年轻男性 完成 为期 10 周的力量训练;
  • 受试者分别摄入 不同剂量 的含 ecdysterone 的补剂,并设有对照组;
  • 通过血液和尿液检测 ecdysterone 及可能的性能提升生物标志物;
  • 对受试者进行兴奋剂检测,确保观察到的效应仅来源于 ecdysterone,而非其他违禁药物;
  • 对所使用的补剂进行事前检测,排除掺杂合成类固醇的可能。

对产品纯度的把关至关重要。许多补剂试验因标签不实或被掺假而失效,而本研究专门做了排除工作。

结果:数据怎么说

摘要给出了两大核心结论:

  1. 肌肉质量:摄入 ecdysterone 的组别相比其他组显示 显著更大的肌肉增长;
  2. 力量:同组在 单次最大重量(1RM)卧推 上也出现 显著更大的提升。

研究人员在体外(C2C12 小鼠肌肉细胞)也观察到了相同的肥大效应。安全性方面,肝肾功能指标未出现升高。

摘要并未给出具体的增幅百分比或剂量,我们也不做臆测。唯一可以确定的是:在 10 周的周期里,ecdysterone 组的肌肉和卧推成绩都有明显优势。

作用机制:它不是睾酮

作者引用最新研究,认为 ecdysterone 的合成代谢效应是通过 雌激素受体(尤其是 ER‑β)结合 实现的,而非通过雄激素受体。这也是它被宣传为“类固醇却不带雄激素副作用”的关键所在。

同一篇论文还提到,在最近的一项 大鼠实验 中,ecdysterone 的效果甚至超过了已禁用的合成代谢类药物(如甲基睾丸酮)。虽然动物数据不能直接说明在人类身上的等效力度,但足以解释为何反兴奋剂科研人员会高度关注它。

为什么 WADA 出资的研究者想把它禁用

本次试验的经费来源于 WADA(grant 15C18MP)。作者在文中写道,他们的结果 “强烈建议” 将 ecdysterone 纳入 S1.2 类——其他合成代谢剂 的禁用名单。

对竞技举重者来说,这才是核心信息。研究者并未说它“无效”,而是认为其效果已足以构成不公平优势,理应被列为禁用。

turkesterone 与植源 ecdysteroid 热潮

搜索 turkesterone 的人其实关注的是同一类化合物——植物源 ecdysteroid,常见于菠菜、Cyanotis、Ajuga 等植物。ecdysterone 是这类产品中最常见的成分。turkesterone 与其结构相近,本研究测试的是含 ecdysterone 的补剂,而非 turkesterone 本身。因此不能直接把结论套用到所有标有“ecdysteroid”的产品上。

需要留意的局限性

  • 样本量偏小:46 人只能算作探索性研究,不能代表普遍结论。
  • 仅限年轻男性:结果无法直接外推至女性、年长者或顶尖竞技选手。
  • 剂量尚未明确:研究比较了不同剂量,但目前仍没有确定的有效剂量区间。
  • 实验周期较短:10 周不足以说明长期安全性,所谓“肝肾指标未升高”并不等同于长期无风险。
  • 细胞实验为辅:C2C12 体外模型只能提供支持性证据,不能作为决定性依据。
  • 资助背景:赞助方是反兴奋剂机构,这本身不是方法缺陷,但结论的导向不可避免地围绕禁用政策。

实际建议

剂量与使用时机:摘要未给出明确的人体剂量,也不宜凭空猜测。实验采用的是 10 周的训练配合补剂,也就是说想获得效果需要持续训练数周,而不是“一次服用就能变壮”。市面上产品的有效成分含量差异较大,标签上的声明需要保持怀疑态度。

适合的人群:已经在认真训练、摄入足够蛋白质与热量、睡眠充足的业余非禁用者,且对植物来源、已有一定人类数据的补剂感兴趣的人。

应回避的人群:

  • 参加药检或竞技比赛的运动员。作者已建议禁用,未来被列入禁用名单的风险真实存在,请先查阅所属协会的规则,视为高风险品。
  • 有激素敏感疾病的患者。由于其可能通过雌激素受体发挥作用,使用前需咨询医生。
  • 孕妇或已有肝肾疾病者。
  • 追求确定、可复制结果的使用者。单一试验虽有前景,却不足以提供决定性保证。

结论

ecdysterone 已经从一个小众的“菠菜化合物”升级为反兴奋剂科研人员认为具备足够效能应被禁用的补剂。在 10 周、46 名男性的实验中,它与更大的肌肉增量和更高的 1RM 卧推成绩相关,且未出现肝肾指标升高。然而,这仅是一项样本不大、周期短暂的单一研究,人体有效剂量尚未确定,长期安全性仍未知。把它当作一个有潜力的早期信号即可,尤其是对那些在检测项目中的运动员要格外谨慎。

来源:Isenmann E 等,Ecdysteroids as non‑conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans. Archives of Toxicology. 2019;93(7):1807‑1816. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02490‑x. PubMed

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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