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Science & Research

蘑菇胶囊提升 VO2max 14.8%——但其中有个大问题

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

14.8% 的 VO2max 飙升到底有多惊人?

如果在 40 天内 VO2max 能提升 14.8%,这简直是每位精英教练梦寐以求的“金句”。而这正是《Antioxidants》最新论文标题中给出的数字。不过,这个数字必须慎重解读,因为研究并没有设置安慰剂对照组。

引人注目的数据

论文(Kumar、Gill、Verma 与 Singh,Antioxidants 2026;15(11):1386)报告称,50 名 18‑22 岁、健康的男性运动员 每日服用 320 mg 含 β‑葡聚糖的多菌种提取物,连服 40 天 后,VO2max 从 46.26 mL/kg/min 提升至 53.12 mL/kg/min,增幅 14.8%(p < 0.001),绝对 VO2 上升 11.6%。NutraIngredients 还提到,耐力时间也有所延长。

该产品为 7‑in‑1 蘑菇复合提取物 胶囊,文献未列出具体包含哪几种蘑菇,故不作猜测。

大坑:没有安慰剂、没有对照组

这是一项 单臂、前后对照的先导研究,既没有安慰剂组,也缺乏随机化和盲法。作者自己就把结果描述为 hypothesis‑generating(假设生成)

这点至关重要,原因有三:

  1. 训练仍在继续。受试者在 40 天内照常训练。年轻运动员只要坚持六周的系统训练,就能自然提升 VO2max,这种设计难以把补剂效应与训练效应区分开来。
  2. 期待效应。受试者明知自己在服用补剂,动机和心理暗示会对最大强度测试产生不容小觑的影响,而本研究并未控制这一点。
  3. 样本局限。全体为健康青年男性,结果无法外推至女性、老年人或非运动人群。

研究虽做了一些控制——先进行 14‑17 天的补剂洗脱期,并提供等热量的标准饮食——但仍不足以替代真正的对照组。

其它血液与呼吸指标的变化

二级结果比较零散,解释也更困难:

  • 峰值呼吸商(RQ) 从 1.096 上升至 1.308。该数值异常偏高,需要对测量方法保持警惕。
  • 血细胞比容(Hct) 从 44.5% 降至 42.1%,与常见的“红细胞越多、氧输送越好”逻辑相悖。
  • 平均红细胞体积(MCV) 上升。
  • 白细胞计数 从 7.53 降至 6.80,其中粒细胞下降、淋巴细胞上升。

血细胞比容下降却 VO2max 却上升的组合颇为有趣,但本研究没有给出合理解释。它可能是真实的生理效应,也可能是血浆容积迁移,亦或是噪声。没有对照组,谁也说不清。

细胞实验:有趣但回答的是另一个问题

论文还附带了一段 体外实验。研究者使用 H9c2 大鼠心肌母细胞,在培养基中加入 氯化钴(CoCl₂) 模拟化学性低氧,并分别测试了三种单一化合物:

  • β‑葡聚糖 20 µg/mL
  • 牛磺酸 40 µM
  • L‑精氨酸 50 µM

三者均提升了细胞代谢活性(约 83.65‑97.40%,对照组 67.29%),并下调了 Hif1a 转录本——这是细胞低氧反应的标志。Seahorse 系统检测的线粒体功能虽有变化,但统计上并不显著。

关键的鸿沟在于:体外实验使用的是单一化合物、大鼠细胞、化学低氧模型,而 人体试验使用的是整瓶蘑菇提取物、接受系统训练的运动员。细胞数据可以提供一种 plausible(合理)的机制假设,却不能证明胶囊在人身上是通过同样途径起效的。

证据能支持什么,不能支持什么

  • 能支持的:这是一条值得进一步验证的信号。50 人的前后对照出现大幅、显著的变化,加上细胞层面的低氧通路提示,完全值得开展严格的 随机、安慰剂对照 试验。
  • 不能支持的:蘑菇提取物让 VO2max 提升约 15% 的断言。训练适应、期待效应、测试熟悉度以及测量误差都可能解释甚至全部解释这次的变化。如果采用盲法、安慰剂对照,效应很可能会大幅缩水,甚至消失。

实际应用要点

  • 研究剂量:每日 320 mg 含 β‑葡聚糖的多菌种提取物。
  • 研究时长:40 天。原文未说明服用时间点,暂无依据给出最佳服用时段。
  • 适合的受众:健康、年轻、已受训的男性,想要自行做一次小规模、严格的个人实验。即便如此,也应把它当作实验,而非已证实的增效手段,并且在相同条件下自行记录数据。
  • 应慎用或先咨询专业人士的群体:对蘑菇过敏者、孕妇/哺乳期女性、有疾病史者、正在服用处方药(尤其是免疫调节药物)的人,以及所有计划在竞技层面使用的人,都应先检查产品标签、第三方认证,并咨询医护人员。
  • 禁忌:不要把已经被证实有效的基础要素(系统训练、充足睡眠、科学营养)替换为胶囊来取代。

结论

14.8% 的 VO2max 提升 是一个极具传播力的数字,但缺乏安慰剂组正是让人必须按下暂停键的关键。这项先导研究提供的是 假设,而非运动员的实用结论。真正的答案需要一次 随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、大样本的临床试验,明确蘑菇种类、剂量、受试人群及测评方式。于是,对 “蘑菇胶囊真的能让 VO2max 提升 15% 吗?” 的问题,目前只能说:我们还不知道。

Original study

Read the original research on doi.org →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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