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Science & Research

预锻炼咖啡因导致动脉僵硬,甜菜根粉可抵消

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

预锻炼咖啡因导致动脉僵硬,甜菜根粉可抵消

如果你的训练前常规是大勺咖啡因,这项新的交叉试验提示,即使血压没有明显变化,你的动脉也可能会感受到冲击。研究同样发现,搭配含 400 mg 硝酸盐 的甜菜根粉后,这种动脉变化会被抑制至安慰剂水平。

这篇论文由 McLellan 等人于 2026 年发表在《Food & Function》上。虽然样本量小、研究周期短,但它提供了一个有趣的视角,观察两种最常用的提升表现的补剂在心血管系统中的相互作用。

研究设计

  • 受试者:24 名健康成年人(17 名男性),平均年龄约 24 岁。
  • 实验设计:随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的交叉试验。每位参与者均完成四种条件的实验,使比较更加直接,避免因分组导致的混杂因素。

四种实验条件

  1. PL:去除硝酸盐的甜菜根粉(含 92 mg 硝酸盐),不含咖啡因。
  2. CAF:去除硝酸盐的甜菜根粉加 6 mg/kg 咖啡因。
  3. BR:富含硝酸盐的甜菜根粉(400 mg 硝酸盐),不含咖啡因。
  4. BR‑CAF:富含硝酸盐的甜菜根粉加 6 mg/kg 咖啡因。

对体重 80 kg 的人来说,6 mg/kg 相当于约 480 mg 咖啡因,已接近许多预锻炼产品的最高剂量,也远高于普通一杯咖啡的含量。研究人员在补剂前、补剂后以及 2.5 小时后测量了臂动脉和中心动脉的血压以及动脉僵硬度,并通过流介导扩张(FMD)评估宏血管内皮功能。

主要结果:咖啡因提升了僵硬度指标

单独摄入咖啡因会让两项动脉僵硬度指标上升:

  • 增压(augmentation pressure) 增加约 3 mmHg(安慰剂仅约 1 mmHg)。
  • 增压指数(augmentation index) 上升约 10%(对照组约 4%)。

在仅摄入富硝酸盐的甜菜根粉时,这两项指标仅上升约 1%。上述差异均具有统计学显著性(P 值 0.001–0.007)。

增压和增压指数反映的是外周压力波返回心脏时叠加的压力。动脉越硬,反弹波回来的越早,心脏负荷随之增加。数值越高通常被视为对心血管健康不利。

关键发现:硝酸盐把它抵消了

当 400 mg 硝酸盐 的甜菜根粉与咖啡因一起服用时,动脉僵硬度的上升基本消失。增压仅上升约 1 mmHg,增压指数上升约 3%,与安慰剂或仅摄入甜菜根粉的结果无显著差异(P = 0.505‑0.689)。

血液检测也符合硝酸盐代谢的预期路径:两种富硝酸盐条件下血浆亚硝酸盐水平高于安慰剂或仅咖啡因组。亚硝酸盐是“一氧化氮(NO)”的前体,可帮助血管舒张。有趣的是,血浆环磷酸腺苷(cGMP)——NO 信号的下游分子——在各组之间并无差异,说明本研究未能明确揭示硝酸盐的具体作用机制。

未见变化的指标

  • 臂动脉血压:咖啡因或甜菜根粉均未显著影响。
  • 中心动脉血压:同样保持平稳。
  • 流介导扩张(FMD):作为宏血管内皮功能的衡量指标,未出现差异。

也就是说,咖啡因并没有让血压飙升或损伤血管内壁。唯一受影响的是反映波回返回心脏的动脉僵硬度标记,这是一种更为细微的信号,而单次给药的长期健康意义尚不明确。

实际建议

  • 硝酸盐剂量:本研究使用的甜菜根粉提供约 400 mg 硝酸盐。选购时请仔细查看标签,因为不同品牌的硝酸盐含量差异很大,许多产品甚至不标明。若标签未标明硝酸盐含量,则只能凭猜测。
  • 服用时机:咖啡因与硝酸盐在同一次补剂中摄入,测量在 2.5 小时后进行。这个时间窗口大致对应常见的训练前使用时段,但研究并未测试其他时间点或实际运动期间的反应。
  • 适用人群:经常在训练前摄入高剂量咖啡因(尤其是多种兴奋剂叠加使用)的人群最值得关注。普通喝一杯咖啡的人远未达到本研究的 6 mg/kg 剂量。
  • 合理做法:如果你已经在使用甜菜根或其他硝酸盐补剂来提升耐力,搭配咖啡因一起服用在本研究的数据看来风险不大。不过,这并不是提升咖啡因剂量的理由。

未解之谜

研究的局限性相当明显:

  1. 单次剂量、单次实验:无法推断每日长期使用的效果。
  2. 仅限健康年轻人:老年人、患有高血压或已有血管疾病的人群反应可能不同。
  3. 缺乏运动因素:实验在安静状态下测量,未评估运动期间或运动后的生理变化。
  4. 样本量小:仅 24 例,且以男性为主,外推性受限。
  5. 机制不明:cGMP 未变化,使得硝酸盐的具体作用途径仍待探索。
  6. 临床意义未知:短暂的增压指数上升是否会转化为实际风险尚未得到证明。

结论

这项随机交叉试验提示,高剂量的训练前咖啡因会短暂提升动脉僵硬度指标,而 400 mg 膳食硝酸盐(来源于甜菜根粉)能够抵消这种变化。血压和内皮功能未受影响,暂无需要担忧的信号。这是一个早期的机制性发现,提示食物来源的硝酸盐可能缓解高咖啡因摄入带来的心血管副作用。要想把甜菜根粉当作“保护盾”,仍需更大规模、更长期、涵盖不同人群并加入真实训练情境的研究来验证。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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