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Nutrition

HMB在2026年最新试验中提升心肺适能,而非力量

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

转折点:让有氧表现提升的肌肉补剂

β‑羟基‑β‑甲基丁酸(HMB)多年来一直被归类为“增肌、提升力量”的补剂。最近发表于 Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition(2026 年)的随机对照试验(Durkalec‑Michalski 等)表明,它更有趣的益处可能在于提升有氧能力。该研究采用三盲、安慰剂对照设计,让受试男性在高强度功能训练(HIFT)的配合下摄入高剂量、依据无脂体重个性化的 HMB,结果显示多项心肺指标优于安慰剂组,而最大等长腿部力量未出现变化。

研究设计与实施

此试验共招募了 90 名男性:其中 53 名为有训练背景(平均年龄约 29 岁,无脂体重约 71 kg),37 名为未训练者(平均年龄约 32 岁,无脂体重约 68 kg)。每位受试者完成了连续两段为期三周的实验阶段。

  • 阶段一(SUP):在常规训练(有训练组)或日常生活(未训练组)中,服用 HMB 或安慰剂。
  • 阶段二(SUP + EX):在上述补剂的基础上,每周两次进行高强度功能训练(HIFT)。

补剂为液体 HMB 自由酸,剂量为 每日每公斤无脂体重 90 mg。研究人员在基线以及每个阶段结束时进行测试,使用递增式自行车功率测试测量 VO₂max、无氧阈值(AT)和呼吸补偿点(RCP),并采用下肢最大自愿等长收缩(MVIC)测定力量。

有哪些指标得到提升

在已有训练经验的男性中,HMB 组在 HIFT 阶段相较于基线和安慰剂组出现了以下显著差异:

  • VO₂max(p = 0.024)
  • 达到无氧阈值的时间、AT 时的 VO₂、AT 时的功率输出以及 AT 时的心率
  • 达到呼吸补偿点的时间、RCP 时的 VO₂、RCP 时的功率输出

多数阈值相关指标的 p 值均低于 0.001,只有 VO₂max 的差异相对不那么显著,说明阈值指标是本研究最可靠的信号。

这些指标之所以重要,是因为它们反映了在疲劳加速前你能够维持的工作强度。AT 或 RCP 时的功率输出更高,意味着你可以在更快的配速下坚持更久,这在混合项目、体能为主的训练块以及任何需要长期保持高强度的比赛中都非常有价值。

哪些方面没有改善

等长下肢力量没有出现任何处理效应。如果你抱着“服用 HMB 能提升力量”的期待,这项试验并未给出支持。HMB 在力量表现上的历史本就喜忧参半,这也提醒我们,补剂的营销定位与实际可测效应不一定一致。

受训组与未受训组的差异

有训练的受试者在更多指标上受益。未训练者仅在 RCP 时间(p = 0.001) 与 RCP 时的功率(p = 0.002) 上出现显著提升。作者推测未训练者可能需要每周超过两次的 HIFT 以及更长的干预期才能看到更全面的效果。换句话说,补剂在已有显著训练刺激的情况下更容易放大适应,而不是单独起到“替代训练”的作用。

剂量计算方式

大多数 HMB 研究采用固定的 3 g/天。本试验则把剂量按无脂体重比例放大:

每日剂量(g) = 0.09 × 无脂体重(kg)

  • 60 kg 无脂体重 → 大约 5.4 g/天
  • 70 kg → 大约 6.3 g/天
  • 80 kg → 大约 7.2 g/天

平均受训者的无脂体重约 71 kg,换算下来每日摄入约 6.4 g,几乎是传统 3 g 剂量的两倍。文献未说明该每日剂量如何分次服用,切勿自行假设。需要注意的是,无脂体重的估算本身存在误差——市售体脂秤或皮褶钳的误差可达数公斤,这会导致每日剂量上下浮动几百毫克。

可能受益的人群

最有可能受益的群体是已经进行高强度体能训练的混合型运动员,如 CrossFit 竞赛者、战术类运动员以及在训练块中兼顾力量与体能的举重者。对他们来说,阈值功率和阈值时间的提升具有实际意义。相反,单纯追求最大力量的力量型运动员从这项数据中看到的帮助有限。新手则应先确保训练刺激本身足够稳固,再考虑是否加入 HMB。

需要留意的局限性

  • 周期短暂:每个实验阶段仅三周,长期效应未知。
  • 仅男性:结果不能直接推广到女性。
  • 高剂量、长期安全性缺乏数据:3 g 方案已有大量研究支持,而本研究使用的近两倍剂量长期安全性尚未明确。
  • 多指标检验:面对众多终点,阈值指标的极低 p 值比 VO₂max 的轻微差异更值得关注,仍需复制验证。
  • 单一试验:一项严谨的研究只能提供信号,不能视作最终答案。

核心结论

这项试验让我们重新审视 HMB:它更像是对已有高强度训练者的有氧支持剂,而非力量提升药。想尝试的话,最好使用基于无脂体重的剂量、配合真实的训练刺激,并以可量化的持续功率或阈值测试来评估效果,而不是盼望杠铃重量立刻增加。把它视作“一种潜在有前景的补剂”,而非“已被证实的必备”——直到有更大、更长时间的研究进一步确认。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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