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科学家绘制单个脑细胞嗅觉处理图谱,突破性的人类研究

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

科学家绘制单个脑细胞嗅觉处理图谱,突破性的人类研究

史上首次,研究团队在清醒的人类受试者中成功记录到单个神经元对不同气味的响应,为我们最神秘的感官之一提供了前所未有的洞见。这项发表在《Nature》上的里程碑式研究,弥合了动物实验与人类嗅觉理解之间数十年的鸿沟。

革命性记录技术揭示嗅觉的神经奥秘

由波恩大学医院的科研团队领衔的研究小组,采用先进的单细胞记录技术,在受试者清醒状态下监测了嗅皮层(piriform cortex)和内侧颞叶(medial temporal lobe)中的神经活动。当志愿者完成气味评分和辨识任务时,研究人员实时捕捉到了包括嗅皮层、杏仁核、内嗅皮层和海马体在内的多个脑区的放电模式。

他们发现,这是一支高度协同的“神经交响乐团”:不同脑区在嗅觉加工中各自担当角色。嗅皮层的神经元主要编码气味的化学特征,充当大脑的“气味指纹”检测器;海马体的神经元则反映主观的气味感受,并能预测受试者对特定气味的辨识准确度。

超越单纯气味检测:跨模态大脑整合

更令人惊讶的是,研究显示人类大脑的嗅觉处理远不止于化学检测。嗅皮层的神经元不仅对真实气味作出可靠响应,还会对与该气味相关的图像产生反应,这揭示了一套将视觉信息与嗅觉信息融合的多模态处理系统。

杏仁核的表现尤为有趣——其神经元编码主观的气味价性,即受试者感知气味是愉快还是令人不快。这一情感编码机制解释了为何某些气味能够触发强烈的情绪反应和记忆。

对人类感知的意义

研究还发现,重复暴露于同一种气味会导致相关神经元的发放率下降,体现了单细胞层面的中心重复抑制和习惯化。这一神经生物学基础解释了为何我们会对厨房里的咖啡香或常用香水产生“免疫”。

更为亮眼的是,研究者捕捉到一类对语义上连贯的气味与图像信息都有响应的神经元,可称作“概念细胞”。这些发现表明,人类嗅觉并非单纯的化学检测系统,而是一个复杂的概念编码网络,融合了多感官信息和抽象意义。

这项突破性成果为感官处理障碍的研究、嗅觉相关疾病的治疗以及我们认知大脑如何构建丰富感官体验提供了全新视角。

Original study

Read the original research on nature.com →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

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Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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