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Nutrition

小苏打让女性10公里跑提速约32秒——但有前提条件

Dr. Gymbro · · 1 min read

这项廉价化合物隐藏的32秒提升

碳酸氢钠(俗称小苏打)在耐力运动员中一直有争议:可能有帮助,但也可能导致胃肠不适。近期发表在 International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism(Aktitiz 等,DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0041)的一项研究,将其试验对象锁定在很少被关注的群体——业余女性跑者,并在真实跑道上进行测试。

结果显示,使用小苏打的跑者在10公里赛中跑得更快,且胃肠不适并未出现统计学上的显著增加。

研究是如何设计的

  • 受试者:21名健康女性,平均年龄33.6岁,最大摄氧量约48.6 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹。
  • 实验设计:随机、双盲、交叉。每位跑者既完成一次补剂赛,也完成一次安慰剂赛。
  • 补剂组:碳酸氢钠,剂量为 体重 0.3 g/kg(即每公斤体重摄入0.3克)。
  • 安慰剂组:食盐,剂量为 体重 0.03 g/kg(相当于10%的钠负荷,用作对照)。
  • 餐食:统一的高碳水化合物餐,摄入量为 体重 1.5 g/kg,在两组均提供。
  • 服用时机:运动前90分钟同时摄入补剂和高碳水餐。
  • 月经周期控制:两次试验均在同一月经相位进行,以消除女性激素波动带来的噪声。

关键点:统一月经相位能够显著降低女性研究中常被忽视的变异来源。

数据怎么说

  • 完成时间:小苏打组平均 3,046.1 ± 208.7 秒,安慰剂组为 3,078.4 ± 206.8 秒(p = 0.011),相差约 32秒,约占总用时的1%。
  • 血液化学变化(预期方向):
    • 静息血 pH:小苏打组 7.47 vs. 安慰剂组 7.42(p < 0.001)
    • 静息血碳酸氢根浓度:27.7 vs. 22.2 mmol/L(p < 0.001)
    • 运动后 1、3、5、7 分钟的每个测点均保持更高水平(p < 0.05)

通俗来讲,补剂让跑前血液更碱性,这种优势在整个跑程甚至跑后仍能维持。

胃部不适并未显现

碳酸氢钠最常被诟病的是胃肠不适——胀气、恶心、频繁上厕所等。研究者在摄入后30、60、90分钟记录症状,两组之间没有出现显著差异(p > 0.05)。

作者把这套方案称为 “实用且耐受性好”。虽然高碳水餐可能是缓解胃部不适的关键因素,但由于本研究没有设置不进食的对照组,尚不能断言是餐食本身阻止了不适,只能说明两者共同使用在本样本中是可接受的。

实操手册

  • 剂量:体重 × 0.3 g 碳酸氢钠。
    • 例如 60 kg 的跑者≈18 g,70 kg 的≈21 g。
  • 碳水:体重 × 1.5 g 碳水化合物(约 90 g,针对 60 kg 的跑者)。
  • 服用时机:两者一起在跑前 90分钟 摄入。
  • 先练后用:研究未评估首次使用者的耐受性,建议先在训练日尝试,而非比赛当天早上。

以上是基于文献的建议,并非论文的直接结论,实际操作仍需个人经验和专业指导。

适合人群

  • 30 岁左右、健康且拥有一定跑步基础的业余女性跑者。
  • 目标是在 10 公里左右的赛事中争取更好成绩。
  • 想在不花大钱的前提下尝试提升的跑者。

如果符合上述条件,建议在与有经验的运动营养师或教练沟通后再尝试。

需要慎用或先咨询的情况

  • 高血压、肾脏疾病或需限制钠摄入的人群——碳酸氢钠本质上是钠的负荷。
  • 过去使用小苏打出现胃肠不适的跑者——本研究无法预测个人反应。
  • 训练距离远大于或远小于 10 公里的跑者——效果不能直接外推。
  • 怀孕或正在管理其他健康问题的女性——务必先请医生评估。

研究的局限性

  • 样本仅有 21 名女性,属于 提示性结果,尚不构成决定性结论。
  • 受试者为业余水平,非精英运动员;仅测试单一距离(10 km)和单一跑道。
  • 摘要未报告个人间差异,说明有的人可能受益更大,也有可能无效。
  • 提升幅度约 1%,对追求个人最佳纪录的跑者有意义,但并非“奇迹”。
  • 研究使用的是严格按体重计算的碳酸氢钠剂量,随意抓一把厨房小苏打显然无法保证剂量精准。

结论

对业余女性跑者而言,严格按体重计量的碳酸氢钠配合高碳水餐食,在 10 公里赛前 90 分钟服用,可使成绩提升约 32 秒,血液 pH 与碳酸氢根水平升高,且胃肠不适未显著增加。这是一项成本低、操作简便的实验方案,值得在训练中尝试,但有健康顾虑的跑者应先征求专业意见。

来源:Aktitiz 等,“Acute Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Enhances 10‑km Outdoor Track Running Performance in Recreational Female Runners,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. PubMed: 42926128.

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DG

Written by

Dr. Gymbro

Dr. Gymbro writes for Dr. Gymbro: science-backed fitness, nutrition & performance.

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